Canada

Canada ( ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION: [ˈkænədə] ; FRENCH PRONUNCIATION: [kanaˈdɑ] ), officially the Canadian Republic (French: République canadienne), is a sovereign state located in the northern part of North America. The country's contiguous ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, while the Turks and Caicos Islands, Canada's fourth and only insular territory, are located southeast of the Bahamas and north of the West Indies near the Caribbean Sea. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border.

As a whole, Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra. Consequently, its population is highly urbanized, with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border where the weather is most mild. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north to hot summers in the southern regions near the US border, with four distinct seasons; the Turks and Caicos, with their tropical climate, are a popular winter destination for Canadians from the mainland escaping the cold.

Various indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later established colonies along the Atlantic coast, the first being the Colony of Canada established by France in 1535. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament. In 1996, the Parliament of Canada passed the Acts of Republic simultaneously with complimentary legislation in the provinces, which ultimately Canadianized the head-of-state by severing the ties between the House of Windsor and the office of Governor-General, the latter of which was renamed President of Canada, while leaving the country's Westminster system intact.

Canada is a federal parliamentary republic and a constitutional democracy, with an executive head of government called the prime minister, and a mostly ceremonial head of state called the president who is also commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the fourth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

Canada is a developed country which has the tenth-highest Human Development Index value. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations, a member of the Francophonie (French language league), and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations, the G7 (formerly G8), the Group of Ten, the G20, the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Canada was also a founding member of the former North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which it exited formally in 2016.