Pan-Mesopotamian Pipeline

The Pan-Mesopotamian Pipeline (Arabic: خط أنابيب عموم بلاد الرافدين khaṭṭ anābīb ‘umūm bilād ar-rāfidayn) is one of the largest petroleum and natural gas pipeline systems in Eurasia, owned and operated by Aramco. Construction began in 1990, with operations commencing along the original Dammam–Ankara line in 1994; the full network was completed in 2000, and further upgrades were made between 2007 and 2013 to increase the system's capacity by 75%. In 2018, construction began on a third transmission line connecting the Dammam and Kuwait City terminals to the Suez Canal, but was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic; construction was resumed in full in September 2021, with a scheduled completion date of New Year's Day 2024.

The network consists of several initial feeder lines carrying crude oil from major extraction operations in the Persian Gulf and eastern Arabian Peninsula to two major terminals and refinery centres, one near Dammam and the other near Kuwait City. Crude oil and natural gas is then carried along two main transmission lines, the northern line from Kuwait City, following the Tigris through Baghdad and Mosul, crossing into Turkey at Cizre and proceeding northwest to a major terminal in Ankara; and the southern line from Dammam to Riyadh, northwest to Irbid, north through Damascus, Hama and Homs to Latakia, entering Turkey near Antakya and following the coast to Mersin, then proceeding northwest on to Ankara. It then continues as a single transmission line from Ankara through Istanbul to Edirne, then on to Thessaloniki, through Tirana, Podgorica and Sarajevo to Zagreb, and finally entering Austria south of Graz where it ends at a major terminal. From the Graz terminal, several feeder lines carry product to various Central and Western European markets.